Vulval Cancer – Understanding the Basics

Vulval cancer is an uncommon type of cancer that develops on the outer part of the female genital area, called the vulva. This area includes the skin around the opening of the vagina, the inner and outer lips (labia), and the clitoris. It most often affects women after menopause, but it can occur at any age.

The exact cause is not always known, but certain factors increase the risk, such as long-term infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), smoking, weakened immunity, and a skin condition called lichen sclerosus.

Early signs may include persistent itching, burning, pain, swelling, changes in skin color or texture, or a lump or sore that does not heal. Some women may notice bleeding or discomfort during urination or sex.

If diagnosed early, vulval cancer is highly treatable. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the affected tissue, and in some cases, radiotherapy or chemotherapy may be recommended.

Regular self-checks, reporting any persistent vulval changes to a doctor, and practicing safe sex to reduce HPV risk can help in prevention. HPV vaccination also offers protection against some high-risk strains.

Early detection saves lives—do not ignore symptoms or feel embarrassed to seek medical advice.

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